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19.13 AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TO MEASURE THE ATTITUDE TOWARD LIES
In order to measure the shame produced by telling a lie we proceed in the
following way: A random sample of test subjects is obtained that is
representative of the population. In the experiment there will be two
groups: one that will submit to the experimental situation and that
constitutes the sample, and another that will pretend to be part of the
sample, but that is really constituted of collaborators with the
experimentor that will help to dramatize the situation.
The people from both groups participating in the experiment are invited into
a room. One member from the experimental group and four members from the
confederate group are chosen each time to form a subgroup of five persons to
whom the following written instructions are given:
You are going to participate in an experiment to electronically measure the
taste that is produced by the different components of a weight loss product.
You do not have to say anything about what you are given to taste, since an
electronic recording will be made that reads the reactions of the taste
papillas on the tongue.
Before you go into the room containing the samples of the weight loss
product and the measuring instruments, you should first weigh yourselves on
the weight scale that is in the hallway. Please remember your weight because
you will be asked to give it later on.
Between the room where the individuals are waiting and the room where the
experiment will take place there should be a hallway with a weight scale
where the test subject can weigh himself after the four confederates have
done so, producing in the test subject the impression that no one has seen
his weight.
However, the weight scale will have a device that will allow it to secretly
read the weight of the individual without his knowing it. The experimentor
will know then, the exact weight of the test subject.
As soon as the five members of the subgroup walk into the experiment room
they will find a table with sitting arrange as illustrated in figure 19.2.
Figure 19.2
The subject of the experiment is placed in the position 1 of the table and
he is given a placebo, while someone pretends to take readings from the
polygraph using a dead electrode that is place in the test subject's mouth.
Along with the dead electrode in his mouth the other electrodes of the
polygraph with which we hope to record his GSR are taped live to the rest of
his body.
The same thing will be done with the four confederates seated in positions
2, 3, 4, and 5. In the case of these last four collaborators it is obvious
that the electrodes installed do not have to be real.
The subject of the experiment, placed in position number 1, will hear when a
second instructor who was in position 5, tells the subject that now occupies
that position and that is about to leave:
Everyone that has an ideal weight of ____ or less will receive $10 dollars
as a reward for being in top physical condition.
How much do you weigh?
The weight mentioned by the second instructor will be less than that of the
subject of the experiment in position 1.
The individual seated in position 5 should respond by saying a fictitious
weight that is one kilogram under the ideal weight mentioned.
Immediately after this, the second instructor will say: "Very good, you've
just won ten dollars," which he hands him and then opens or points towards
the door so that this confederate subject may leave.
The instructor will ask the same question of individuals in position 2
through 4 when it is their turn. His answers should be the following:
1. Number 4 should state a weight four kilograms above the ideal and should
win nothing.
2. Number 3 should give a weight two kilograms under the ideal and should
win ten dollars.
3. Number 2 should give a weight one kilogram under the ideal and should
also win ten dollars.
As the instructor is moving from the position 5 to the position 2 asking
questions, the polygraph should be measuring the emotional states of the
test subject before the questions from the instructor and, finally, bore the
question the instructor will ask him directly.
If the individual lies, the second instructor will say: "That's a lie.
According to our report (at which point he pulls out of his shirt pocket a
piece of paper with information), you weighed this much (he informs the test
subject of his correct weight."
The polygraph measures the test subject's reaction when he is found to be
lying.
We expect the emotion that is to be recorded to basically be that of shame,
with very little contamination, since the participants know, from the
context of the experiment itself, that no one can be punished for lying
under such circumstances. Nevertheless, if we wish to be more sure than
this, once the test subject lies, the instructor tells him that the
experiment is really about determining if the participants behave honestly
or not, that the experiment is finished, and that he may leave. Before the
test subject leaves, the instructor informs him that he was one of the
participants who lied and tells him his exact weight. Meanwhile, the
polygraph registers his physiological reaction. In order to confirm that it
is indeed shame that the polygraph is registering, the test subject is asked
if he feels shame, anger, anxiety, or fear.
Another way we could proceed in order to be more sure that the expectations
of being caught lying are not affecting the readings of the polygraph would
be, as in the previous experiment, to postpone the measurements for three
months. In that case, the individual is allowed to go thinking he has fooled
the experimentors and he is told that the experiment will be repeated in
three months. Once the test subject returns for his second appointment, he
is connected to the polygraph, simulating the same situation as before, and
then he is immediately told he lied on the previous visit in relation to his
weight and he is shown the evidence.
19.14 PREMISES OF OUR PSYCHOMETRIC MODEL
The experimental design we have elaborated to this point part implicitly
from a set of premises it is important to keep in mind. It is presumed that
emotions produce physiological changes and that these are proportional to
the changes in the emotions. Consequently, a measurement of the intensity of
emotions can be obtained, indirectly, through the physiological changes in
the individual's body that, because they are autonomous, he cannot control
through his will, or conceal them before the polygraph, even if he wants to.
In other words, we expect physiological changes to be highly correlated to
emotions, as a result, they should be a reflection of the changes that take
place in emotions.
Another implicit premise in our model is the following: based on the context
of an experimental design, we can determine what is the type of emotion or
affective state (direction of the physiological change) that an individual
experiences.
This premise allows to conclude that it is possible to measure the
determinants of human behavior based not on the verbal information the
individual gives us, but on the recordings of his affective state reactions,
after measuring the physiological changes that are produced in the body when
emotions are experienced and infer the direction of those physiological
changes (type of emotion) parting from the context of the experimental
model.
In addition, it is possible to use those measurements to try to predict the
behavior an individual will have under certain specific circumstances.
To sum-up, the experimental design presented in the previous sections are
based on three premises:
1. Emotions produce physiological changes, for example, the galvanic
response of the skin (GSR), etc..
2. The magnitude, although not the direction, of the emotion is reflected in
the magnitude of the physiological change produced.
3. It is possible to determine the direction or type of emotion that an
individual experiences based on the context in which it is produced.
We should point out that, for the purposes of our work, it will not be
necessary to suppose that the direction of the physiological change will
indicate the direction of the emotional change. It is enough that the
magnitude of the physiological change reflects the magnitude of the
emotional change, without indicating the direction of the change.
The previous observation is important since, although there is evidence,
based on the research and study carried out on this topic with respect to
pupil reaction, that emotions produce physiological changes (first premise)4
and that the magnitude of the physiological change is a reflection of the
magnitude of the emotional change (second premise), there is no solid
evidence that the direction of the emotional change will be reflected on the
direction of the physiological change. In other words, the direction of the
physiological change does not necessarily reflect if the individual
experiences a pleasant affective state or an unpleasant affective state.
Consequently, in order to overcome this difficulty, we have to design the
experiment in such a way that we will know with enough precision, the type
of emotion that the individual is experiencing and, consequently, the
direction of this emotion.
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